The Use of Cell Phones While Driving is Dangerous Essay

Although cell phones have not been around for a very long time, they have become a key part of our lives. People use their cell phones for just about everything such as: texting, talking, schedule planning, internet surfing, etc. Sometimes we can even do two or more of these things at the same time. Unfortunately, people are also choosing the wrong time to be using their cell phones: while they are driving. As a society, we have become so focused on how much we can do at one time that we are willing to risk our personal safety as well as the safety of others because we can’t put down our cell phones. Using a handheld cell phone while driving is dangerous to the driver themselves for a couple of good reasons. One such reason is that†¦show more content†¦When driving, sometimes it is difficult to focus on the road which makes it easy to forget that the roads are shared by everyone and not for your exclusive use. Other drivers on the road take notice of drivers on t heir cell phones whether they want to or not because of the hazards they create. Erratic driving is something that we all get quite worked up about, especially if it makes us late or is otherwise a direct inconvenience to us. Scott Clark, veteran web business strategist and the owner of the consultancy BuzzMaven Labs, says â€Å"[He] came within inches of a bad accident because of a young driver being on the phone and crossing three lanes of traffic at 45 mph.† Drivers are also tailgating you because of, again, the inability to maintain a constant speed because they are on the phone. Clark warns of â€Å"[†¦] the rusty red Camaro [tailgating] the minivan full of kids.† Drivers who use cell phones while driving are also highly dangerous to pedestrians. A young woman killed a pedestrian on a bicycle while she was texting on her phone. She may not have intended to end that person’s life, but she made the poor decision to drive and text which she has to live with for the rest of her life. Any one of us could have been that poor individual on that fateful day. I used to ride my bike everywhere, mostly using the roads in the way that bikes are supposed to. That just proves that point that everybodyShow MoreRelatedCell Phone Use While Driving: Regulations are Overdue Essays1147 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to regulate the use of cell phones while driving is imperative because it’s dangerous, and current laws are not sufficient to curb the problem. Mobile phones, now known as cell phones, have been around since the 1940s; however, they did not become main stream until the 1980s. The original mobile phone design was large and bulky, and was only capable of making phone calls. According to the article, â€Å"Cellular Telephone,† â€Å"Modern handheld wireless digital devices (cell phones) typically offer anRead MoreUse Of Cell Phones While Driving860 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans rely heavily on cell phones to perfor m daily activities. Cell phone are used for phone calls, email, sending text messages, surfing the internet, and performing other tasks. It is unfortunate that many of these daily activities occur while a person is driving. As a result, an increase of accidents and fatalities have occurred because of the use of cellular phones while driving. Using a cell phone while driving is an epidemic that has taken our nation by storm. Most drivers believe theyRead More Cell Phones And Driving: Dangers Involved with Cell Phone Use While Driving1036 Words   |  5 Pagesoften. Talking on the cell phone and driving has become a very popular thing these days. Technology is coming out with the newest phones that can do everything for you and people are attracted to that. There are people that don’t have hands free and drive their car with only one hand, people that text and totally take their eye off the road and type conversations to each other. Bluetooth is another technological breakthrough where you wear an ear piece and can receive phone calls by one touch ofRead MoreIs Texting Your Friends Or Family More Important Than Your Life? Essay789 Words   |  4 Pagestheir cell phone while driving. â€Å"One out of every four car accidents in the United States is caused by texting and driving.†(Cell Phone Use While Drivi ng Statistics) Using a cell phone while driving is dangerous, distracting, harmful, and may cause accidents. According to statistics, every day about 66,000 people try to use their phones while driving. â€Å"The National Safety Council reports that cell phone use while driving leads to 1.6 million crashes each year.†(Cell Phone Use While DrivingRead MoreNo Call or Text Is Worth a Life1540 Words   |  7 Pageshandheld cell phone could be one of the deadliest decisions you could make while operating a motor vehicle. The dangers and impact of using a cell phone while behind the wheel are numerous. One of the main reasons people still use their cell phones while driving is that there is no consistency in the laws across the country. Certain states have legislation that bans cell phone use, while other states only ban certain usage situations. Tough federal legislation is the only way to decrease the use of handheldRead MoreRole Of The Phone Addiction Causes Dangerous Actions Involving The Cell Phone1034 Words   |  5 Pagesbut can be dangerous. It is commonly believed that majority of cell phone users, especially smartphone users, are addicted to their phone. The role of the phone addiction causes dangerous actions involving the use of the cell phone. Using a cell phone, especially texting and driving, puts not only the driver but those around in serious danger. Driving is not an instance where multitasking is good. When drivers are trying to multitask by driving and using their cell phones to text, theRead MorePersuasive Essay on Cell Phone Driving1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of cell phones in drivers have been linked too frequently in accidents. There are too many distractions in life as it is, are we so arrogant to think that we are such amazing drivers that we can do several things at once? Most accidents involving cell phones wouldn t have happened if the driver wasn t distracted. When we drive that should be the only activity we are doing. Posted by: Gri5Helpful Report Post Like Reply 0 0 Cell phone usage while drivingRead MoreCell Phones Effects On Interpersonal Relationships, Driving Skills, And Individual Health967 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phones are a growing trend around the world, but we do not know much about the health risks associated with them. Many children, students, and adults use their phones frequently, and there could be many growing common risks developing that we are unaware of. Cell Phones are a recent invention that has brought people together all around the world and mostly beneficial but are associated to some dangers. Using cell phones has effects on interpersonal relationships, driving skills, and individualRead MoreDistracted Driving Is The Most Dangerous Distraction Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesdistracted driving by understanding the risk factors, and the effects of distracted driving. 1 Topic A: Details B: Quotations C: Example 1: Explanation 2. Analysis What is Distracted driving? Texting is the most dangerous distraction because it requires visual, manual, and cognitive attention (Facts and Statistics). Distracted driving is an increasing problem in the United States and among younger drivers. According to reports, distracted driving is similar to drunk driving because it divertsRead MoreAccidents. Modern Life Today Made People Use Too Many Times1037 Words   |  5 Pagesmade people use too many times on their electronic devices like laptops, cell phones, iPad, TV†¦ People started to have the cell phone addiction. They use it every time except sleeping. Having somebody use their phones while in traffic, that is one of important brings to accidents. Traffic accidents are an important problem need to find a way to cut it. When I think about distracted driving, I will think about the attention of drivers while driving, what did they do when they are driving cars? What

The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay - 777 Words

The mind and motivation of a serial killer Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry Lucas blamed his upbringing, Jeffrey Dahmer claims he was born with a â€Å"part† of him missing, Ted Bundy said porno made him do it and John Wayne Gacy turned the blame around and said the victims deserved to die. Many killers blame their families for†¦show more content†¦John Wayne Gacy has been known to ask his victims, â€Å"How’s it feel knowing, your about to die† and then he strangles them to death. Serial killers need to dominate and â€Å"own† their vi ctims, yet the victims die; they are once alone again, and left with rage and self-hatred. There are six stages of the serial killers cycle; phase one-â€Å"the aura phase†, where the killer loses grip on reality, phase two-â€Å"the trolling phase†, when the killer searches for a victim, phase three-â€Å"the wooing phase†, where the killer lures his victim, phase four-â€Å"the captive phase†, when the victim is entrapped, phase five-â€Å"the murder†, which is the emotional high for the killer and lastly phase six-â€Å"the depression phase†, which occurs after the killing . When depression sets in, it triggers the phases into beginning again. Bundy said he never really got what he had hoped for out of the murders, and always felt emptiness and hopelessness after. Strange and bizarre fantasies thrive in isolation and anger. Eventually, to sustain the fantasy, serial killers come to a point where they need to live it out. They will dwell on the murder act for years, and drift into almost trance-like states days before the murder, completely involved by their fantasy. Their victims are reduced to innocentShow MoreRelated The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages The mind and motivation of a serial killer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behaviorRead MoreSerial Killers And Murderers : How Can You Tell A Normal Person?844 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Serial Killers and Murderers How can you tell a normal person from a person who is chemically imbalanced? When you are walking in a crowd, do you ever wonder what is going on through these people’s minds? Who are they? Have they ever killed anyone? This is what we are going to talk about, the mind of a murderer. There are many types of murderers. There are mass murderers, spree killers, and serial killers. A mass murderer kills multiple people at one time in one place. A spree killer killsRead MoreSerial Killers Speech1533 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience about Serial Killers. Central Idea: To show my audience why serial killers kill and what motivates them. INTRODUCTION Tell them what you are going to tell them. I. Attention Getter: What would you do as a young college girl at a grocery store walking to your car and you see this handsome middle aged man with a cast on struggling to get his groceries and he ask you for your help. Would you help him? Ted bundy was one of the most famous and handsome serial killers of all time. Read MoreEssay Are Serial Killers Born or Made?1560 Words   |  7 PagesEvidence that was gathered from books such as â€Å"Inside the Minds of Mass Murderers† and â€Å"Inside the Minds of Serial Killers,† both written by Kathertine Ramsland, provide information and evidence that killers are in fact made, not born. Some of the reasons that people believe that killers are made and not born are due to research by many psychiatrists on serial killers and mass murderers who are on death roe that have committed some of the most heinous crimes. One argument is that there is a set ofRead MorePsychological Profile of a Killer1577 Words   |  7 Pageselevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then betweenRead More profile of a killer Essay examples1561 Words   |  7 Pageselevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add to this the number of known victims of serial killers, then betweenRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences Essay974 Words   |  4 Pageseywords: Serial killers, females, psychopathy, archival research Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female whoRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences950 Words   |  4 PagesMotivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female who brought the concept of a female serial killer to the public’s attentionRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 23). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved July 28, 2016 fromhttp://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf This article covers serial killers statistics. Many table reports are illustrated with the sole purpose to demonstrate accurate information about serial killers. The tables indicate the frequency (by decade) and the number of separate serial killers operating in any given year in the USA. Beasley II, J. O. (2004). Serial Murder inRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers: Are They Born or Made? There are multiple theories as to why or how a person can become a serial killer. A serial killer can be a person who murders at least three or more people over a long period of time (Ramsland). Are serial killers born with the need to kill or is it a result of a horrific childhood? These two concepts are associated with the nature vs. nurture theory. â€Å"People on the side of nurture are of the opinion that our environment determines who a person is and becomes†

Animal Rights Final Research Paper Free Essays

Animal Rights Final Research Paper Franco Pacheco ENGL-135 Prof. Gurin DeVry University December 13, 2012 Animal rights The idea of animal rights is not new. Through the 18th and 19th Century philosophers like Rousseau, Kant, Bentham, and Schopenhauer have produced different arguments in favor of the treatment of animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Rights Final Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Animal rights is the idea that nonhuman animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and that they should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings. All animals are equal in the sense that they all can sense pain and suffering however as far as treating them like humans, I do not think so. Humans have been eating meat for as long as we have been on this earth and there is nothing wrong with that. That does not mean people enjoy killing them for pleasure, their lives are taking for our survival. Eating meat is not wrong as long as we are conscious of their contribution to humankind over the years, providing us with transportation, food, clothing, and companionship. Torturing and killing animals for pleasure is wrong, however, eating their meat moderately for survival is not. By the beginning of the 18th century, writers began to discuss animal feelings of pain and suffering, vivisection, and the cruel treatment of animals raised and slaughtered for food. All animals have the same capacity for suffering, but how we see them differs and that determines what we will tolerate happening to them. Most people are not capable of killing what they eat with their own hands but if is cooked and served; there are no thoughts of how or where it came from. Over 9 billion chickens, pigs, cattle, turkeys, sheep, goats, ducks, and geese are bred, raised, and killed for food annually in America. Today, the breeding of farm animals is dominated by industrialized facilities that maximize profits by treating them as production units and forgetting that they can also feel pain as human do. The abuse of farm animals in factory farms, for example, did not see an influx until the early 19th century, when small family farms and traditional ranching of livestock started to cave under the pressure of larger institutional farming practices. As factory farms became the norm, so, unfortunately did the systematic and prolonged abuse of animals raised for human consumption. Most animals in these facilities are forced to endure physical and psychological abuse for months if not years on end, deprived of the ability to perform behaviors inherent to their species, and housed in overcrowded facilities with insufficient food, water, and natural light. Most are given steroids to enhance growth, and antibiotics to fend off illnesses that are likely to occur in such unsanitary conditions. Their eventual slaughter is often performed in a manner as inhumane as the condition in which they are forced to exist until that day. There are many people working for the improvement of the ways in which animals that are raised for food are handled and slaughtered; most notable is Temple Grandin. She is one of the leading authorities on the design of animal handling facilities, specializing in the humane handling of animals at the point of slaughter in the meat industry. She is credited with having â€Å"done more to improve welfare for animals at the point of slaughter than any human alive. † According to data extrapolated from U. S. Department of Agriculture reports that nearly 10. billion land animals were raised and killed for food in the United States in 2010. This is a 1. 7% rise from the 2009 totals, larger than the 0. 9% increase in US population, meaning that animals killed per-capita increased slightly. Based on January-August 2011 USDA slaughter numbers, it is projected that the number of land animals killed in 2011 will increase an additional 1% from 2010 numbers, rising to approximately 10,266 million animals. Fortunately, due to increased feed prices and sinking domestic demand, Bloomberg. om is speculating that there may be a 5% drop in animals raised for food in 2012! While the number of aquatic animals killed each year is not reported, meticulous calculations by researcher Noam Mohr estimate the number of finfishes killed each year for US consumption to be 13,027 million, and the number of shellfishes to be 40,455 million, resulting in a combined 53,481 million (over 53 billion) aquatic animals who died for American consumption in 2010. Becoming a vegetarian overnight will not stop the purposeful harm done to animals at the hands of human beings. Consequently, I agree that there is a lot that has gone very wrong with most of our meat production, but we are omnivores, and arguing that we are not is not going to get us anywhere. It may be possible to live without meat, but considering that all animals will eventually die, will be a sin not to eat them before other animals do. We feel bad of the killing of the animals we eat, but not bad enough to stop eating them completely. People have their own reasons for becoming vegan and not everyone is concern about the animal’s welfare. Becoming vegan will not stop animal abuse; people are still going to do what they want to do, especially if it involves animal cruelty. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) can do all they can, but you cannot right all the wrongs in the world. The most prominent of the abolitionists is Gary Francione, professor of law and philosophy at Rutgers School of Law-Newark. He argues that focusing on animal welfare may actually worsen the position of animals, because it entrenches the view of them as property, and makes the public more comfortable about using them. I actually hate the way animals are treated and could not find a better way of killing them without making it go through torture. However, I am not switching to become vegan, just because a group of people considers it cruelty. I still love meat, but I treat animals with respect and morality because they are providing the protein my body needs for survival. It is not admissible to cause animal’s unnecessary pain and suffering. I do not believe in the unethical treatment of animals, however I do believe in the ethical use of them. Confinement production of livestock and poultry has generated a major conflict between the meats, dairy, poultry industries, and reformist welfare and abolitionists animal rights group. They condemn and oppose factory farming because they view intensive production as inhumane, being carried out under unnatural conditions and causing suffering for the animal and poultry. Over the past 50 years, animal agriculture has increased from small family farms to large corporate factory farming systems. In these factory-farming systems, their main concern is increasing the profits margins at all costs and the process has devastating consequences for the animals. Farmed animals lead a life of misery from the moment they are born to when they are slaughtered. Every day, everywhere across the globe, millions of these animals are mishandled, kept in confinement, mutilated as part of routine husbandry practices, and deprived of their basic physical and behavioral needs. In September of 1994, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) designated the National Farm Animals Awareness Week (Guither, pg. 1). They criticized the cruelty of the confinement housing of such animals and they asked consumers to â€Å"shop with compassion. † Bernard E. Rollin an American philosopher and currently a professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University urges the food animal producers and animal industry â€Å"not to resist and combat the new ethic f or animals , for they will not win, but rather to appropriate it into their production systems with the help of research that acknowledges and respects the patent truth that animals can both suffer and be happy†(Guither, pg. 9). In the last two decades hundreds of thousands Americans have fight animal rights as part of a new, powerful and controversial social movement. All animal liberationists believe that the individual interests of non-human animals deserve recognition and protection, but the movement can be split into two broad camps. Animal rights advocates, or rights liberationists, believe that these basic interests confer moral rights of some kind on the animals, and/or ought to confer legal rights on them; for example, the work of Philosophers Tom Regan and Peter Singer. They do not believe that animals possess moral rights, but argue, on utilitarian grounds (Utilitarianism in its simplest form advocating that we base moral decisions on the greatest happiness of the greatest number) that, because animals have the ability to suffer, their suffering must be taken into account in any moral philosophy (Isacat, 2008). Dr. David Nibert is a Professor of Sociology at the Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He teaches Animals Society, Global Change, Social Stratification, Minority Groups, and Law and Society. He is the author of Animal Rights/Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and Liberation (Rowman/Littlefield). He conducted a survey among residents of Clark County, Ohio and found that support for animal rights is significantly related to seven of the eleven variables, suggesting the existence of an important link between one’s disposition toward human and nonhuman animals. Five hundred and one residents of Clark County, Ohio, aged eighteen and older, responded to a telephone survey conducted April 16-18, 1993. This survey was designed to examine respondent’s opinions on several social issues. One of the questions was, â€Å"Some people say that animals have rights that people should respect. Would you agree or disagree? † They were also asked eleven questions adapted from the General Social Survey (Wood, 1990). Here are the results of the Nibert’s survey: â€Å"Of the 501 respondents, 246 (49. 1 %) were male and 255 (50. 9%) were female. 81 1 (20. 8%) were less than 30 years of age, 208 (41. 6%) were between 30 and 49 years old, and 184 (36. 8%) were over 50. 76 (15. 2%) had not graduated from high school, 277 (55. 3%) were high school graduates and 143 (29. %) were college graduates. The sample was predominantly white (461 or 92%) and married (334 or 66. 7%). In response to the animal rights question, 373 respondents (74. 5%) agreed, 84 (16. 8%) disagreed, 37 (7. 4%) were undecided and 7 (1. 4%) refused. For purposes of convenience, the respondents who agreed that animals have rights will be referred to as â€Å"animal rights supporters. † Examinati on of demographic variables reveals that age, sex, place of residence and religion were significantly related to support for animal rights. Younger people were more likely to support animal rights than older people, women more than men, and city residents more than those living in more rural areas of the county (Nibert 1994). † To summarize, Animal rights are a matter of personal choice. Every individual has a right to decide how he or she wants to treat others, including other species. Animals have been around on the earth for as long as humans have, if not longer. They play an important role in today’s society whether or not we choose to admit it. To say that animals have rights is only to end the discussion before it starts. Animals will be animals and they will eat one another for the need of survival: that is a natural phenomenon. We can reduce some suffering by eliminating certain practices in certain areas, but this will not solve the problem. As explained above, we cannot humanely raise nine billion animals. Going vegan is the only solution. Also, keep in mind that some meat, eggs and dairy products are misleadingly marketed as â€Å"humane† but offer only marginal improvements over traditional factory farming. These animals are not raised humanely if they are in larger cages, or are taken out of cages only to live in overcrowded barns. And â€Å"humane slaughter† is an oxymoron. References Cavalieri, Paola. (2001) the animal question, why nonhuman animals deserve human rights. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Grillo, Alexander, (August 15, 2012), Five Reasons Why Meat-Eating Cannot Be Considered a ‘Personal Choice’ Free from Harm, Food and Psychology http://freefromharm. org/food-and-psychology/five-reasons-why-meat-eating-cannot-be-considered-a-personal-choice/ Guither, Harold D. (1998) Animal rights, History and scope of a radical social movement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press Issitt, Micah Newton, Heather (2011), p2-2, 1p – Animals Deserve the Same Rights as Humans. http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy. devry. edu/login. aspx? direct=truedb=pwhAN=26608510site=pov-live Rich, Alex Wagner Geraldine (2011), p1-1, 1p Points of View: Animal Rights: An Overview. http://search. ebscohost. com. proxy. devry. edu/login. aspx? direct=truedb=pwhAN=22827052site=pov-live Thompson, Michael (2012) Why We Have Ethical Obligations to Animals: Animal Welfare and the Common Good more http://wpunj. academia. du/MichaelThompson/Papers/392701/Why_We_Have_Ethical_Obligations_to_Animals_Animal_Welfare_and_the_Common_Good April 12, 2011. American Humane Association hails ‘yes’ vote on humane standards for poultry in Washington http://www. americanhumane. org/animals/animal-welfare-news/american-humane-association-hails-yes-vote. html Report: Number of Animals Killed In US Increases in 2010 http://farmusa. org/statistics11. html Animal Rights and Human Social Issues David A. Nibert, Wittenberg University (1994) http://www. animalsandsociety. org/assets/library/283_s222. pdf How to cite Animal Rights Final Research Paper, Essays

Fantastic University

Question: Write an essay onFantastic University. Answer: Fantastic University is a non-profit organization, which intends to start a building project, amounted to $6.5 million. The organization uses to own a handsome amount of endowment fund. It is appreciated with triple A rating in terms of credit rating. Inspite of having enough internal fund and scope of bond financing, the management wish to finance the project out of its net operational income. The report is prepared to analyze the various sources of project financing and suggest the suitable source to the management. For this purpose, all the sources are critically overviewed along with the related advantages and disadvantages. Various consequences are also examined to co-relate with the project and with the organization to determine how any particular decision will affect the organizations financial structure and operation. Project Finance:- According to International Project Finance Association, project finance can be explained as the financing procedure for long- term infrastructure and public services, where the project cost, in terms of debt and equity, used for financing the project, are used to be paid off out of the net revenue or the net cash flow, generated from the project. The definition has given more focus on the financial activities of profit-seeking organization. For non-profit organization, the project finance may be defined as the process of sourcing the fund for financing any project, which will be covered by the net reserve fund, generated from financial activities. Generally, the project costs for non-profit organizations, especially university, are acquired from donations made by trustees government, endowment fund of the organization or by debt financing. Project Finance Model:- Before starting any project or planning for project finance, it is necessary to prepare an estimated financial cost structure on the basis of estimated inputs of the project. It will help to get an idea how much cost would be required periodically and also about the potential impacts of various funding options on the financial operation of the organization. For this purpose, project finance model is used to be prepared for asses the capability of the project or the organization to cover the operating costs and the debt expenses, if any, over the total period of the period. The main financial tool, used for the model, is the Estimated Cash Flow Statement. From the estimation, the organization can determine how much cash, it would require at any certain period of the project. Moreover, it can also provide the information whether the organization would be able to cover the additional debt expenses out of its operational cash inflow. Assessment of the Sources for Project Financing:- The most important part of project finance planning, is to determine the suitable finance structure. A suitable financial structure should include those financial sources, which can be more beneficial for the project or the organization. It is a common misconception that the sources, which would not cause any additional expenses, are more beneficial. It has been observed in many cases, that the additional expenses can be very useful for enjoying tax benefits and are proved to be cost effective than other sources. The cost effectiveness of any financing source depends on its nature, taxation and government policies and the nature of the project. Therefore, to determine the suitable project finance structure for Fantastic University, the possible financing options are discussed in detail below:- 1)Utilization of Endowment Fund:- Endowment fund is the most common investment funds, maintained by the non-profit organizations in United States. Endowment fund is generally created from the donations and excess revenues, generated from the operations. The endowment fund is mainly utilized for the operational activities and capital expenditures. Apart from that, it is also used for various specific purposes, such as, endowing professorship or student scholarships. The total fund is used to be invested in various investments and the expenses are met by the interest or dividend, earned from the investment, whereas, the principal fund is kept intact (Dimmock, 2012). Advantages:- As discussed above, endowment fund is common source of project financing for the non-profit organizations. The management may use the endowment fund for the building project. The main advantage of using the endowment fund, is that the organization does not have to bear any additional interest expense for the project. There will be no extra burden on the operational activities to cover the project expenses. Moreover, in the recent past, it has been observed that the total amount of donation to the universities and other educational institutions by non-government organizations or individuals has reduced as many universities were not utilizing the endowment funds properly. Therefore, if the organization would spend its endowment fund for development of the infrastructure, the donators might increase their donations. It would result in increase of the revenue of the organization. Disadvantage:- The endowment fund is created not only for capital expenditures, but also for other special purposes. Therefore, if the fund is used for the building project, the organization may face problems to provide scholarship or professorship to deserved candidates. Moreover, this type of fund is also utilized to assist the operational activities. Hence, in future, the organization may suffer from shortage of funds in regard to continue its daily operations. 2) Bond Financing:- Bond financing is a form of debt financing, which is provided by the local government authority to the non-profit organizations. The interest rate is very low in comparison to the conventional borrowings. These bonds are widely used for financing developments projects of the non-profit organizations. Generally, the non-profit organizations use to borrow bonds from the government in exchange of credit enhancements, assets or other securities. Then the non-profit organizations use to appeal the investors to invest in the bond (Ke,2013). Advantages:- The bond hold by the organization is credited with Triple A rating. Therefore, it will not have any problem to find potential investors for the bond investment. Moreover, the interest rate of the bonds are also very low and the organization can enjoy tax benefit from such financing policy also. Disadvantages:- For the bond financing, though the interest is lower, the organization have to pay it on monthly or quarterly basis. Hence, it should have the financial strength to pay the interest on regular basis. Moreover, the principal amount of such debt has to be paid at one time. The organization may have problems to pay huge amount, which may affect its future operational activities. 3) Funding from General Business Operation:- The profit and non-profit organizations also use to create funds from its normal operational activities and utilize the fund for project financing. This is another common way of raising funds from own resources. The organizations, who have steady source of income, use to follow this method. Advantages:- Like, endowment fund, financing from general revenues, also uses to help the organization to avoid additional expenses, in terms of interest. Moreover, the organization can utilize its endowment funds for other purposes only by adopting this source of financing. Disadvantages:- The organization should have the capacity to earn enough revenue to cover the periodical project costs. Such financing method may prevent the organization from spending its revenues for other purposes. Moreover, the project cost is based on estimation. If in the future the actual cost of the project increases, the organization will face great difficulty to complete the project as being an educational institution, its revenue generation is more or less fixed (McKinney,2015). Recommendation:- The endowm ent fund is the most commonly used financing sources for the capital projects of educational institutions. It does not have any interest expenses. On the other hand, the organizations use to utilize this fund for its operation and other specific purposes. Therefore, by utilizing the endowment fund, the management may face fund shortages for other operational activities. higher rate of revenue generation till the ending of the project. For an educational institution, where the main source of income is donation and grants, it is not possible to maintain a steady income rate for a long period. Therefore, it may be suggested that the most appropriate source of financing the project will be the bond financing. As the interest rate is lower, it will not be a cause of huge burden on the organization. The organization will also get tax exemption for the interest. For the repayment of the loan, the organization can create a reserve, where it will transfer some of its monthly earnings at end of each month (Wagner, 2013). As, there will be no fixed rate of savings, it will not hamper the daily operational activity. If at the end of the debt period, the organization cannot save enough fund for the repayment, the shortfall can be covered out of the endowment fund.

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth Our earths first modern tree establishing itself in developing forests emerged around 370 million years ago. Ancient plants made it out of water 130 million years earlier but none were considered true trees. True tree growth only came about when plants overcame biomechanical problems to support additional weight. The architecture of the modern tree is defined by evolutionary features of strength that builds in rings to support greater and greater height and weight, of protective bark that shields the cells that conduct water and nutrients from the earth to the furthest leaves, of supportive collars of extra wood that surround the bases of each branch, and of internal layers of wood dovetail at branch junctions to prevent breakage. It took over a hundred million years for this to happen. Archaeopteris, an extinct tree that made up most of the forests across the earths surface in the late Devonian period, is considered by scientists to be the first modern tree. New collected pieces of fossils of the trees wood from Morocco have filled in parts of the puzzle to shed new light. Discovery of Archaeopteris Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, of the Institut de lEvolution of Montpellier, France, and Jobst Wendt, of the Geological and Paleontological Institute in Germany, analyzed a trove of these African fossils. They now propose Archaeopteris to be the earliest known modern tree, with buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to todays modern tree. When it appeared, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth, says Scheckler. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they had this tree. Scheckler goes on to point out, The attachment of branches was the same as modern trees, with swelling at the branch base to form a strengthening collar and with internal layers of wood dovetailed to resist breaking. We had always thought this was modern, but it turns out that the first woody trees on earth had the same design. While other trees quickly met extinction, Archaeopteris made up 90 percent of the forests and stayed around a very long time. With trunks up to three feet wide, the trees grew perhaps 60 to 90 feet tall. Unlike present-day trees, Archaeopteris reproduced by shedding spores instead of seeds. Development of the Modern Ecosystem Archaeopteris stretched out its branches and canopy of leaves to nourish life in the streams. The decaying trunks and leaves and the altered carbon dioxide/oxygen atmosphere abruptly changed ecosystems all over the earth. Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems, says Scheckler. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time.   Archaeopteris made the world almost a modern world in terms of ecosystems that surround us now, Scheckler concludes.

Dissociative Identity Disorder essays

Dissociative Identity Disorder essays Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder) is the existence within a person of two or more distinct personalities. The different personalities are referred to as alters. Alters may have experienced a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name, as well as age. At least two of these personalities recurrently take control of the persons behavior. There are a few typical types of alters that they multiple would produce such as a depressed, exhausted host, a strong, angry protector, a scared, hurt child, a helper, and an internal persecutor who blames one or more of the alters for the abuse they have endured. Sometimes patterned or named after the actual Individuals most likely to develop MPD share several common factors. They have endured repetitive, and often life-threatening abuse during a developmental stage of childhood. The type of abuse can vary or be a combination of physical, extreme emotional, sexual or Satanic Ritual Abuse. How a multiple creates their own inner families is as individual as each person. Even though symptoms vary from person to person, there are some basic First one is voices. Multiples do hear voices, but are merely the personalities within, communicating with one another. Often times, the MPD is diagnosed as a schizophrenic due to hear voices, but the multiple personality hears the voices inside their head in contrast to the schizophrenic which hears them from outside of themselves. Often a multiple before diagnosis will speak of noise or clatter inside making it difficult for them to concentrate. It is possible for the multiple to hear many distinct and separate voices, of all ages talking at the Another symptom is physical differences. Each alter within a multiple has their own history, personalities that are uni ...

W 4 OIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 4 OIS - Essay Example Clearly, architecture is needed for a number of reasons, two of which are for the purposes of integration and standardization of an organization’s operating model (Blunt, Jones and Richard, 2003). At every point in time within the organizational development, the enterprise business model and the enterprise strategy are seen to lie apart as two independent components of the organization, that must be developed; one devoid of the other in order to bring change and success. Through architecture, there is a bridge developed between the two components of the organizational development agenda, making it possible to effectively integrate the two components into a single variable. On the issue of standardization, Blunt, Jones and Richard (2003) observed that at every point within the enterprise process such as planning, analysis, implementation, monitoring, and closure phases, it is important that a common scope of objective, aim and goal be carried out. This is necessary in ensuring that any completed enterprise or system development will be done according to a set scope. Through architecture, all these phases are given a common standardized scope to ensure that the system satisfied a uniform code (Wager, Lee and Glaser,